Issue |
Med Sci (Paris)
Volume 23, Number 4, Avril 2007
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 386 - 390 | |
Section | M/S revues | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2007234386 | |
Published online | 15 April 2007 |
L’apport des nouvelles technologies en vaccinologie
New technologies for vaccine development
1
Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
2
Inserm, U833, Paris, France
Grippe aviaire, SRAS (syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère), Chikungunya, virus du Nil occidental… La succession de ces alertes « aux virus » a réveillé les peurs ancestrales de l’humanité face aux grandes épidémies du passé. En un temps où, par sa maîtrise des technologies de pointe, l’homme semble dominer le monde, le syndrome d’immunodéficience acquise (sida), la tuberculose et le paludisme prélèvent chaque année une dîme de plusieurs millions de morts. La découverte des antibiotiques et les succès remarquables remportés par la vaccination dans l’éradication de la variole et dans la réduction de l’incidence de nombreuses maladies, telles que la poliomyélite ou la rougeole, ont, pendant quelques décennies, créé l’illusion que les maladies infectieuses appartenaient au passé. Il n’en est rien et, à l’aube de ce nouveau millénaire, les maladies infectieuses restent la principale cause de décès dans le monde. Plus que jamais, les vaccins s’avèrent la seule arme pour lutter efficacement contre les épidémies.
Abstract
Despite important success of preventive vaccination in eradication of smallpox and in reduction in incidence of poliomyelitis and measles, infectious diseases remain the principal cause of mortality in the world. Technologies used in the development of vaccines used so far, mostly based on empirical approaches, are limited and insufficient to fight diseases like malaria, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or adult tuberculosis. Until recently, technologies for making vaccines were based on live attenuated microorganisms, whole killed microorganisms and subunit vaccines such as purified toxoids. Fortunately, the recent advances in the understanding of host-pathogen interaction as well as our increasing knowledge of how immune responses are triggered and regulated have opened almost unlimited possibilities of developing new immunization strategies based on recombinant microorganisms or recombinant polypeptides or bacterial or viral vectors, synthetic peptides, natural or synthetic polysaccharides or plasmid DNA. Thus, considering the expending number of technologies available for making vaccines, it becomes possible for the first time in the history of vaccinology to design vaccines based on a rational approach and leading to increased efficacy and safety.
© 2007 médecine/sciences - Inserm / SRMS
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