Issue |
Med Sci (Paris)
Volume 27, Number 12, Décembre 2011
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 1121 - 1126 | |
Section | Repères | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/medsci/20112712019 | |
Published online | 23 December 2011 |
Les pèlerins de La Mecque, les germes et la communauté internationale
Pilgrims to Mecca, germs and the international community
Institut français du Proche-Orient, BP 11-1424, Beyrouth, Liban
Avec la navigation à vapeur, les hommes, mais aussi les germes pathogènes, se déplacent plus rapidement. En 1865, le pèlerinage à La Mecque est à l’origine d’une terrible pandémie de choléra. Celle-ci provoque un traumatisme profond et la communauté internationale va s’attacher à faire des pèlerins le principal « groupe à risque ». Elle leur impose un contrôle exemplaire, bien plus sévère que celui qui est appliqué à la navigation ordinaire et commerciale, entraînant l’édification d’un formidable dispositif quarantenaire dans la mer Rouge et au Levant, à l’heure où les quarantaines disparaissent partout ailleurs. En dépit de leur caractère coercitif, les pèlerins ne manifestent pas d’hostilité à l’égard des actes médicaux et prophylactiques en usage dans les lazarets, mais s’élèvent contre les modalités déshumanisées de leur réalisation. La pression conjuguée du nationalisme et des revendications saoudiennes ne mettra fin à ce dispositif qu’en 1957.
Abstract
With steam navigation, men, but also seeds of diseases, move faster. In 1865, the pilgrimage to Mecca induced a terrible cholera pandemic. This caused deep trauma in Europe and prompted the international community, recently born, to focus on the pilgrims who were regarded as the main “risk group” in the spread of epidemics. Through a series of international sanitary conferences, European powers, in agreement with the Ottoman Empire, imposed a heavy control over the pilgrims, much harsher than that applied to ordinary commercial navigation exchanges. These decisions led to the establishment of a huge quarantine device in the Red Sea and the Levant, including two lazaretto, one at the entrance and the other at the exit of the Red Sea, where the pilgrims were trapped and disinfected during their sacred journey. This contrasted with the concommitant disappearance of quarantines everywhere else. The pilgrims did not show hostility towards medical and prophylactic treatments but protested against the dehumanizing conditions of their realization. The combined pressures of nationalism and sovereignty claims from Saudi Arabia ended this system in 1957.
© 2011 médecine/sciences – Inserm / SRMS
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