Issue |
Med Sci (Paris)
Volume 23, Number 10, Octobre 2007
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 819 - 825 | |
Section | M/S revues | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/medsci/20072310819 | |
Published online | 15 October 2007 |
Cellules dendritiques des muqueuses et de la peau
« Recruter pour vacciner »
Dendritic cells of mucosa and skin: « recruited for vaccination »
1
Inserm U851, Immunité, Infection et Vaccination, IFR128, 21, avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
2
Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 69365 Lyon, France.
3
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69003 Lyon, France
*
kaiserlian@cervi-lyon.inserm.fr
L’immunosurveillance des muqueuses et de la peau est assurée par des cellules dendritiques spécialisées dans la capture, le transport et la présentation des antigènes aux lymphocytes T des ganglions lymphatiques drainants. Les cellules dendritiques de ces interfaces épithéliales, les cellules de Langerhans, ont été longtemps reconnues comme prototypes de cellules dendritiques immunostimulatrices, spécialisées dans l’activation de lymphocytes T en réponse à l’immunisation avec des antigènes vaccinaux ou à l’infection par des pathogènes. Ce concept est remis en question par des données récentes montrant que les cellules de Langerhans résidant dans ces épithélium ne sont pas indispensables à l’induction d’une immunité T spécifique et pourraient participer au maintien de la tolérance périphérique. En revanche, les cellules dendritiques recrutées au site d’immunisation par certains adjuvants et pathogènes délivrés par voie muqueuse ou cutanée permettent l’induction de lymphocytes T CD8+ cytotoxiques d’intérêt vaccinal.
Abstract
Mucosae and skin are exposed to environmental antigens and are natural entry routes for most infectious agents. To maintain immunological tolerance and ensure protective immunity against pathogens, epithelial surfaces are surveyed permanently by antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). Many DC subsets have been described in epithelial tissues, depending on the inflammatory state and the type of epithelium. Identification of the DC subset able to induce cytotoxic CD8+ T cells against antigens delivered via mucosae or skin, is a major issue for the development of efficient antiinfectious and anti-tumoral vaccines. Until recently, it was commonly accepted that Langerhans cells (LC), the prototype of immature DCs residing in skin and certain mucosae, can capture and process antigens and, in response to danger signals, undergo a maturation program allowing their migration to the draining lymph nodes for priming of naïve T cells. This concept likely needs to be revisited. Recent evidence from animal models revealed that resident epithelial tissue DCs, including LCs, do not play a direct role in T cell priming, but may contribute to maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Alternatively, DCs newly recruited into mucocutaneous tissues exposed to pro-inflammatory stimuli are responsible for efficient priming and differentiation of CD8+ T cells into cytolytic effectors. These DC originate from blood monocytes and can cross-present protein antigens to CD8+ T cells, which subsequently give rise to specific CTL effectors. Remarkably, components derived from bacteria, virus and chemicals capable to enhance CCL20 production in epithelia, promote CCR6-dependent DC recruitment and behave as adjuvants allowing for cross-primed CD8+ CTL. These advances in the dynamic and function of epithelial tissue DC provide a rationale for the screening of novel CD8+ T cell adjuvants and the design of novel mucosal and skin vaccines.
© 2007 médecine/sciences - Inserm / SRMS
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