Table I.
Principal inflammasome activators.
| Receptor | Stimulus | DAMP/ PAMP | Direct/ indirect interaction | Signal transduction | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NLRP1 | Anthrax lethal toxin | PAMP | D | CARD-CARD | [35, 36] |
| Muramyl dipeptide | PAMP | D | CARD-CARD | [34] | |
| NLRP3 | Pore-forming toxins | PAMP | I | [15, 23] | |
| Extracellular ATP via P2X7 | DAMP | I | [15, 16, 22] | ||
| Reactive oxygen species | DAMP | I | [21, 24] | ||
| Outward flow of K+ ions | DAMP | I | [15–17] | ||
| Urate crystals | DAMP | I | [8] | ||
| Asbestos fibres | DAMP | I | PYD-ASC-CARD | [19] | |
| Silica crystals | DAMP | I | [7, 19] | ||
| Aluminium compounds | DAMP | I | [7] | ||
| Cholesterol crystals | DAMP | I | [6] | ||
| Beta-amyloid protein | DAMP | I | [20] | ||
| NLRP6 | ? | ? | ? | ? | [37, 38] |
| NLRP7 | Bacterial lipopeptide | PAMP | D | PYD-ASC-CARD | [39] |
| NLRP12 | Unknown Yersinia pestis pattern | PAMP | ? | PYD-ASC-CARD | [40] |
| NLRC4 | Flagellin | PAMP | D | CARD-CARD | [27, 33] |
| Type 3 and 4 secretion systems | PAMP | D | CARD-CARD | [27, 33] | |
| AIM2 | Bacterial and viral DNA | PAMP | D | PYD-ASC-CARD | [41, 45, 46] |
| IFI16 | Viral nuclear DNA | PAMP | D | PYD-ASC-CARD | [48] |
| RIG-I* | Viral RNA | PAMP | D | CARD-CARD or ASC? | [13] |
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